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WOMEN
Parenting
It is one of those essential facts of life that raising good children--children of character--demands time and attention. While having children may be “doing what comes naturally,” being a good parent is much more complicated. Raising kids today is arguably harder than ever before. But, there are some ways to help ease the stress and strain of raising your little ones and prevent behavior problems through good parentingkali has become a popular dance form for all seasons
It is one of those essential facts of life that raising good children--children of character--demands time and attention. While having children may be “doing what comes naturally,” being a good parent is much more complicated. Raising kids today is arguably harder than ever before. But, there are some ways to help ease the stress and strain of raising your little ones and prevent behavior problems through good parenting. Here are ten tips to help your children build sturdy characters:
  1. Put parenting first. This is hard to do in a world with so many competing demands. Good parents consciously plan and devote time to parenting. They make developing their children’s character their top priority.
  2. Review how you spend the hours and days of your week. Think about the amount of time your children spend with you. Plan how you can weave your children into your social life and knit yourself into their lives.
  3. Be a good example. Face it: human beings learn primarily through modeling. In fact, you can’t avoid being an example to your children, whether good or bad. Being a good example, then, is probably your most important job.
  4. Develop an ear and an eye for what your children are absorbing. Children are like sponges. Much of what they take in has to do with moral values and character. Books, songs, TV, the Internet, and films are continually delivering messages—moral and immoral—to our children. As parents we must control the flow of ideas and images that are influencing our children.
  5. Use the language of character. Children cannot develop a moral compass unless people around them use the clear, sharp language of right and wrong.
  6. Punish with a loving heart. Today, punishment has a bad reputation. The results are guilt-ridden parents and self-indulgent, out-of-control children. Children need limits. They will ignore these limits on occasion. Reasonable punishment is one of the ways human beings have always learned. Children must understand what punishment is for and know that its source is parental love.
  7. Learn to listen to your children. It is easy for us to tune out the talk of our children. One of the greatest things we can do for them is to take them seriously and set aside time to listen.
  8. Get deeply involved in your child’s school life. School is the main event in the lives of our children. Their experience there is a mixed bag of triumphs and disappointments. How they deal with them will influence the course of their lives. Helping our children become good students is another name for helping them acquire strong character.
  9. Make a big deal out of the family meal. One of the most dangerous trends in America is the dying of the family meal. The dinner table is not only a place of sustenance and family business but also a place for the teaching and passing on of our values. Manners and rules are subtly absorbed over the table. Family mealtime should communicate and sustain ideals that children will draw on throughout their lives.
  10. Do not reduce character education to words alone. We gain virtue through practice. Parents should help children by promoting moral action through self-discipline, good work habits, kind and considerate behavior to others, and community service. The bottom line in character development is behavior--their behavior.

As a parent we need to create an environment in which our children can develop habits of honesty, generosity, and a sense of justice. For most of us, the greatest opportunity we personally have to deepen our own character is through the daily blood, sweat and tears of struggling to be good parents.


Articles
Teaching Young Children through Work and Play
By the National Association for the Education of Young Children (2000)

We have learned so much recently about the importance of play for young children that many families may overlook how meaningful work can also nurture development.

Young children flourish when allowed to enter the world of real work that surrounds them - from picking up toys or feeding the cat to grating carrots for salad. In the company of family or other adults, children eagerly engage in work. They want to 'help' with the pursuits of adults, and this work can be a crucial part of their early learning.

If you shield young children from a whole category of activity simply because it is called 'work' and not 'play,' you may be limiting their developmental opportunities.
On the other hand, if you invite children to participate in work and play, you give them many more ways to grow and learn.

Through work that is meaningful and a real contribution to the family or group, even young children can gain a sense of purpose, and come to feel more a part of the family. With proper adult supervision, there are many types of chores that families can consider for young children, which can help them begin learning about responsibility, independence and caring for themselves. Here are a few examples:

Gathering, preparing, and cooking food
Even when they are too young to help with lunch or dinner, children can play a role in preparing snacks. And by taking your children to the grocery or market, you can help them better understand where food comes from and how we buy it.

Running errands
Letting young children run errands conveys your feelings of trust in them. When you need something - another family member or the phone or a sponge - tell one of your children you need help.

Caring for younger children
Even simple tasks (like reading or singing to younger family members) help older children learn about responsibility and sharing.

Housekeeping
Children can help set the table and serve themselves at meals. If you are vacuuming the carpet, you can empower your child by letting him run this most-adult-of-all housekeeping tool.

Caring for animals
Pets and livestock require water, food and clean environments. Young children can learn valuable lessons by caring for animals.

Gardening
Nurturing plants helps children learn about the wonders of nature. If you don't have space for a garden, a small window planter can bring opportunities to explore.

In all of these activities, it's important to remember several points:

Keep in mind what your children can accomplish, and how much you need to supervise to make sure the activity is safe. Even young children can tell the difference between busy work and real work. Also, remember that many chores actually take longer with the help of young children, but a little patience and a few extra minutes lets them reap real benefits from assisting the family. By matching your expectations to their abilities, encouraging and approving their efforts, and allowing plenty of time for the performance of each task, you can give your young children many opportunities to learn and grow through work.

Getting Kids to Listen
By Elizabeth Pantley (2000), author of Kid Cooperation and Perfect Parenting

One of the hardest parts of parenting is getting our kids to listen to us, and then, of course, getting them to do what we ask! If you remember to use a few important skills this job will be much easier for you.

Think before you speak.

You tell your daughter it's time to leave, then take twenty more minutes to get yourself ready. You ask your kids to clean up the family room, then allow the mess to remain for the night. You threaten to cancel your child's party if he sasses you again. He does, but you don't. All these scenes create kids who have "selective hearing." Instead, take a minute to think before you issue a command, be specific, and your words will become more accurate and meaningful.

Be very specific.
Don't "hint" at what you want your child to do: "It would be nice if you... " or "Don't you think you should..' Don't make an incomplete request: "Soon you'll have to get ready to go." Don't be vague: "You know better than that..."

Instead, be clear and specific. State your requests in a way that will not be misunderstood "Please put your shoes and coat on and get in the car " or "Please hang up your clothes and put your books on the shelf. " or "Sit here and use a quiet inside voice."

Control your emotions.
When you lose your temper and raise your voice the logical result would be that your kids would pay closer attention to you. In fact, the opposite is often true! Kids often key in on your anger, but miss the point of your words.

Studies show that most of our communication is conveyed through our presentation (body language, tone of voice, etc.) Kids will focus on your emotions, and dismiss your words. Instead keep your voice even and calm, and your words clear and specific to get better results. To do this, remember to think first, determine exactly what you want, and make your words convey a tone of authority.

Get up close and personal.
While it's a whole lot easier to yell from two rooms away, its much less effective. Children respond much, much better to a parent who is facing them eye-to-eye. In addition, when you are standing close by you can determine if your child is paying attention to you, without having to gauge the meaning of a few distant grunts. It takes a few extra minutes to get face to face, but will save you from getting angry as you repeat your request over and over again.

It will take practice to master these skills. Simply reading this article will not change your style. You will need to remind yourself of what you are trying to do, and keep your goals fresh in your mind. Its important to give yourself time to learn how to use these ideas, and to be kind and forgiving to yourself when you make mistakes. None of us are born knowing how to parent. Its a tough job, but with a few new skills and enough practice you'll be successful!

You can post this reminder at home:

Think first.
Be specific.
Control emotions.
Convey authority.
Eye-to-eye.

Toilet Learning For Toddlers
By the National Association for the Education of Young Children (1998)

Toileting (or using the potty) is one of the most basic physical needs of young children. It is also one of the most difficult topics of communication among parents, child care providers, and health care professionals when asked to determine the "right" age a child should be able to successfully and consistently use the toilet.
Most agree that the methods used to potty train can have major emotional effects on children. The entire process--from diapering infants to teaching toddlers and preschoolers about using the toilet--should be a positive one. Often, and for many reasons, toilet learning becomes an unnecessary struggle for control between adults and children. Many families feel pressured to potty train children by age two because of strict child care program policies, the overall inconvenience of diapering, or urging from their pediatricians, early childhood columnists, researchers, other family members, friends, etc.

The fact is that the ability to control bladder and bowel functions is as individual as each child. Some two-year-olds are fully potty trained, and some are not. But those that aren’t should not be made to feel bad about it. There are also many cultural differences in handling potty training, therefore it is important that families and program staff sensitively and effectively communicate regarding these issues.
The purpose of toilet learning is to help children gain control of their body functions. If a child is ready, the process can provide a sense of success and achievement. Here are some helpful hints on determining when young children are ready to begin the potty training process and suggestions on how to positively achieve that task.

Ready, set, go!

Children are most likely ready to begin toilet learning when they:

show a preference for clean diapers--a preference adults can encourage by frequent diaper changing and by praising children when they come to you for a change.
understand when they have eliminated and know the meaning of terms for body functions. For example, "wet," "pee," "poop," and "b.m." are words commonly used by children to describe bladder and bowel functions. indicate that they need to use the potty by squatting, pacing, holding their private parts, or passing gas.
show that they have some ability to hold it for a short period of time by going off by themselves for privacy when filling the diaper or staying dry during naps.

Become a cheerleader
There may be times during the learning process when children accidentally go in their diapers or training pants. This can be very distressing and may cause them to feel sad--especially if they have been successfully using the chair for some period of time. When this happens, change the diaper without admonition--a caring adult can then try to pick up the child’s spirits with encouragement that she is doing well and will get better with practice. The most common cause of resistance to potty training occurs when children have been scolded, punished, or lectured too often about using the potty, or have been forced to sit on it for too long. This learning process usually is not fast or consistent. Children need your patience and support.

Have a plan
Parents and child care providers should decide together when a child is ready and then negotiate a plan that will be consistent and manageable in both settings.

Some questions may include the following:
1. Is special equipment needed--step stool, toilet seat deflector, potty chair?
2. Are extra clothing items needed?; and
3. Are good hygiene practices in place, for example, handwashing for children and staff, a system for handling soiled clothing, and a routine for disinfecting equipment?

It’s a good idea for families and child care professionals to exchange information on the words for body functions most preferred by each child in order to avoid confusion and provide a consistent message for everyone engaged in the process.
Successfully learning to use the potty is a major accomplishment for young children, and patience and praise from the adults who care for them is an extremely important component to their healthy emotional and physical development. Each child will individually provide signals as to when he or she ready to make that leap. Good communication, appropriate expectations, and a consistent plan on the part of parents and caregivers make it easier to support this process and is the surest route to success.

Understanding Your Child's Behavior!
In order to understand why your child is misbehaving it is extremely useful to keep a diary:

Identify one behaviour that you would like to change. Be as specific as you can e.g. wont do as s/he is told, hitting, demands things, whines. Write the behaviour down.
When the behaviour occurs, write down what led immediately up to it (triggers) and what happened afterwards (consequences)? Also record how you behave and feel? Please use (print) the form if this is helpful. After a week try to see if there is a pattern to the behaviour. When is it occurring (times, situations)? Who is it occurring with? What are the triggers? What are the consequences or "pay-offs" for your child? Often this is related to getting attention, "winding-up", getting their own way ("giving in for a quiet life"). Ask yourself what is my child learning from the way I respond to the behaviour? Am I setting limits and boundaries consistently ?

Once you have a clear picture you are ready to change the pattern by changing the triggers and consequences. You may have to try and ignore certain behaviour, try not to give in, remove certain privileges, look and sound as if you mean it when asking you child to do something. Most importantly concentrate on encouraging and rewarding good behaviour!

Understanding How You Currently Play With Your Child

1. Why Is Play So Important?
Play brings you closer to your children; it helps them to become more independent; they are more able to work problems out; to develop their own concentration and imagination. Key skills needed for life and learning at school.

2. Check-Out How You Play
Get a friend, partner or relative to watch you playing with your child and to jot down a few notes. Try to observe the following: Who decides what to play? How long does it last? Who is most interested? How much enjoyment is there? What good behaviour is praised and encouraged? Discuss what was observed and work out a plan from ideas within this article on how you can develop your play skills further. Set yourself simple and achievable targets. Involve your friends and family and check your progress weekly. Make it FUN! You could observe your friend playing with their child in exchange for them helping you. REMEMBER you are the experts on your own children so pool your knowledge and experience! If you can't get a friend or member of your family to help you can still make your own personal plan.

3. Ask Yourself
Do I enjoy playing with my child? How often in an average week do I play and for how long? What are the barriers that can get in the way and how can these be gradually removed? What does my child think about play-times?

Five Key Play Skills

1. Creating Time
Try to plan ahead. Identify 10-15 minutes per day when you can play with the least interruptions. Turn the television off and involve brothers and sisters.

2. Involving Your Child
Ask your child what they enjoy playing. Let them choose what they want to play. You would be surprised how many parents automatically decide how, what and when they are going to play. Children learn best and enjoy play more when they decide how they want to play and at what pace. Importantly their concentration, enjoyment levels and good behaviour increases as a consequence! Hence there are strong "pay-offs" for both the child and parent.

3. Getting Down To Your Child's Level
Preparing for play is important. Make sure you are close to your child, have eye contact and show that you are interested e.g. if your child is playing on the floor, sit on the floor with them.

4. Describing What You See
Let your child pick a play activity and as your child is playing just concentrate on describing what you see in a very positive tone of voice e.g. "you have picked up the red brick and are placing it on the blue brick". This skill will need a lot of practice as you will inevitably want to direct the play by saying such things as "I know lets put this brick on top of this other brick". Avoid asking questions and copy your child's play.

5. Praising What You See
When you feel totally comfortable with describing what you see, try to begin to use descriptive praise i.e. "what a good girl for putting that red brick on the blue brick". Be close when you praise, smile, get eye contact, use touches, hugs and strokes. Be sincere and genuine and praise as soon as possible after the good behaviour in order to encourage them to repeat it. Your child needs to know that you are pleased in order for them to learn self-confidence and to explore further. They are learning to be co-operative rather than to be defiant.


Positive Discipline & Time Out

Time out involves removing a child for a brief period of time and is effective in helping to set limits for children and teaching them what is appropriate. It is an extension of ignoring poor behaviour (i.e. removing attention which is inadvertently encouraging the behaviour) and helps parents or carers remain in control. It has been shown to be significantly more effective than smacking. It should be used sparingly, practised and is most appropriate when a child refuses to do as they're told. For more minor behavioural difficulties such as demanding alternative methods should be employed such as ignoring or removing a privilege.

Time out is most effective for children between the ages of 2-6 and should not be used with very young children.

The following procedure has been developed from the work of Forehand, R. & Long, N. (1996). Parenting The Strong Willed Child: The clinically proven five week programme for parents of two to six year olds.

Choose a Location

Best options
. Hallway
. Parents bedroom
. Kitchen corner( for 2-3 year olds)
. Use a corner or chair where there is nothing for the child to be distracted away from the punishment.

Least desirable
. Child's bedroom

Not options
. Bathroom
. Cupboard
. Dark room
. Know where a child could be frightened!

Procedure
1. Issue a good direction
2. If your child does not begin to comply within 5 seconds issue a warning, " If you do not ................, you will have to take time out"
3. If your child does not comply within 5 seconds state, " because you did not ..............., you have to take time out"
4. Lead your child to time out without lecturing scolding or arguing. Withdraw to another room.
5. Ignore shouting, protesting and promising to comply. Avoid eye contact.
6. Tell your child to sit in the time out chair or stand still in the corner facing the wall.
7. When your child is sitting quietly, set the timer ( 1 minute for every year of age up to a maximum of 5 minutes)
8. When the time is over, including being quiet for the last thirty seconds return to the chair or corner and say that time out is over
9. Restate the original direction
10. Implement the time out again if your child does not comply
11. When your child complies it is very important to use praise so the child learns what behaviour is expected.

Steps to Using Time Out
1. Select time out place
2. Memorise the steps
3. Practice without your child
4. Tell your child about time out for non-compliance
5. Begin to use time out for failure to comply with directions
6. Begin using time out for other problem behaviours in the home
7. Begin using time out for other problems in public places

Tips
. Avoid giving lengthy explanations about why you are using time out.
. Avoid trying to make your child feel guilty or to give you an apology - you are aiming to get them to do what you wanted.
. Don't let them make you feel guilty even if they say they are going to comply before they get to the chair or corner. To stop it before it is completed will give the message that - "I don’t have to comply until I have been warned and until I have been sent to time out"
. The message you want them to get is - "I should comply when I am asked to do something"
Problems and Solutions
. Refusing to sit in the chair - do not start time out until your child is seated.
. Leaving chair or moving - stop the timer.
. Place him in chair tell him to sit still and place your hand on his leg. Try to avoid eye contact.
. Remove a privilege if he does not return to the chair (for 5 year olds and up).
. If you use a corner and your child attempts to come out before time out is up, return him immediately without any fuss and stand close with your back to the child.
. Insulting you verbally - ignore the results
. Yelling and crying - ignore
. Refusing to leave the time out - start the time out again
. Sibling interaction during time out - if feasible put the sibling in time out in another location

The Importance of Play
By Kathy Gould, M.S.

With all that busy parents have to do, it sometimes might be easy to forget to sit down and play with your children. The purpose of this article is to extol the importance of play to children's development and to give parents some tips on games and activities. Parents are the first and most important teachers that children will ever have: children learn more from their parents than from anyone else. In school they learn about history, math, science, and so on, but from parents they learn about getting along with other people, how to treat people they love, how to deal with their emotions, and even how to learn. From the games and activities that parents and children do together from the time they are babies until they are teenagers, children learn things like: how to focus on what's important, to pay attention and follow directions, and how to take small steps to work toward larger goals. They can learn patience, persistence, and a desire to learn-all from playing with their parents. When parents and children play games that help children learn rules, working towards goals, and working with others, studies have shown that children tend to get better grades in school and get in less trouble.
Playing together also helps build strong bonds between parents and children. When there is a strong parent-child bond, children feel safe to go out and explore the world. This makes them better prepared to learn, get along with others, and develop high self-esteem. Children who feel secure in their relationship to their parents also do better in school. Later in life those with secure relationships may be more likely to listen to their parents' advice and to trust that advice. Another reason that play is important to parent-child bonding is that it helps increase the number of positive interactions in the relationship. Often, the only times parents talk to their children is when the children have done something wrong. When this happens, children and parents can stop getting along well and may not develop strong bonds. Playing games together is a great way to spend time with each other in a positive way. Establishing a strong bond early will make the relationship between parent and child stronger and healthier long after the child is grown, and may carry over into adult children's relationships with their own children.

Children's play at different ages
Infants love looking at faces. Pictures of faces are good, but actual moving, talking faces are better. With children younger than 6 months, good games are very simple ones like, peekaboo, or hiding a toy under a blanket and taking it out again. You must do these activities quickly, though, because if your face or a toy is hidden for more than a second or two, very young infants will lose interest. Infants enjoy anything that gives them a gentle surprise, such as a sound or motion in response to something they do.

By 18 months, children enjoy toys such as crayons, pretend tools, push button toys and very simple puzzles. Puzzles are especially good for bringing parents and children together and for developing children's problem solving skills. Children can learn a lot about how to figure things out when parents give them just enough help so that they can figure it out, but not so much that parents do the activity for them. At this age, children are starting to use language more and enjoy songs, books and rhymes. Songs and finger plays really keep children this age entertained, and can teach them new words and introduce them to counting and numbers. I've included two examples of songs and finger plays at the bottom of this article. For infants and toddlers, keep numbers below three or they will lose interest.

Older pre-schoolers enjoy songs and finger plays also, but as they get older the songs need to get more complicated. Puzzles should get more difficult, too, and helping them with puzzles that are just a little harder than they could do by themselves is still a great way to teach them how to solve problems. Older children also need and enjoy physical activity, such as running and jumping, chasing, hide and go seek, tag, and other fun outdoor games. Playing these kinds of games with your children can help bring you together as well as let you both get some exercise. Pre-schoolers also love to pretend, so take their lead and be the characters they want you to be as they direct a game of make believe.

Elementary age children enjoy simple card or board games, hide and seek, sports activities, or projects that you can work on together. As children grow older their interests and preferred activities tend to vary more widely, so the best way to find out what your child would like to do for fun is to ask! The kinds of activities you do together at this age will probably affect the things you do together when they are teenagers as well.

Keep up with their interests and activities as your children grow. When you show interest in who they are and what they enjoy doing, they will be more likely to want you to participate in these activities with them. If you adolescent is learning a new sport, learn it with them, or offer to help them practice if you are already proficient. Be wary of intruding on their space, though; adolescents will want to participate in some activities on their own. This is an important part of their development as they are learning to become independent adults. If you find that you and your adolescent are spending very little time together, however, and don't seem to have much in common, discuss your concerns and try to find a new sport or activity that you can learn to do together. For this to succeed, you'll need to keep an open mind and be willing to try something new!

Songs and Finger Plays

" 5 Little Ducks"
5 little ducks went out one day (wave five fingers), over the hills and far away (hand bounces away)
When Mommy Duck went quack, quack, quack, (quacking gesture with hand)
Only 4 little ducks came back (hand comes back w/ 4 fingers)
(continue as above with: 4, 3, 2, 1, no little ducks came back)
Mommy Duck went out one day, over the hills and far away,
When Mommy Duck went quack, quack, quack, all the little ducks came back!

" The Grand Old Duke of York"
The grand old Duke of York, he had ten thousand men (if standing, march; if sitting, swing arms)
He marched them up to the top of the hill (stand up tall; or crawl fingers up child's arm if sitting)
And he marched them down again (squat low or crawl fingers back down)
And when you're up, you're up (go back up), and when you're down you're down (back down)
But when you're only half way up (stand at medium height or move fingers to elbow),
You're neither up (go back up) nor down (go back down-sit all the way down if you were standing).

Talking To Your Kids about Sex
By the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1998)

Talking to your children about love, intimacy, and sex is an important part of parenting. Parents can be very helpful by creating a comfortable atmosphere in which to talk to their children about these issues. However, many parents avoid or postpone the discussion. Each year about one million teenage girls become pregnant in the United States and three million teens get a sexually transmitted disease. Children and adolescents need input and guidance from parents to help them make healthy and appropriate decisions regarding their sexual behaviour since they can be confused and over stimulated by what they see and hear.
Talking about sex may be uncomfortable for both parents and children. Parents should respond to the needs and curiosity level of their individual child, offering no more or less information than their child is asking for and is able to understand. Getting advice from a clergyman, paediatrician, family physician, or other health professional may be helpful. Books that use illustrations or diagrams may aid communication and understanding.

Children have different levels of curiosity and understanding depending upon their age and level of maturity. As children grow older, they will often ask for more details about sex. Many children have their own words for body parts. It is important to find out words they know and are comfortable with to make talking with them easier. A 5-year-old may be happy with the simple answer that babies come from a seed that grows in a special place inside the mother. Dad helps when his seed combines with mom's seed which causes the baby to start to grow. An 8-year-old may want to know how dad's seed gets to mom's seed. Parents may want to talk about dad's seed (or sperm) coming from his penis and combining with mom's seed (or egg) in her uterus. Then the baby grows in the safety of mom's uterus for nine months until it is strong enough to be born. An 11-year-old may want to know even more and parents can help by talking about how a man and woman fall in love and then may decide to have sex.

It is important to talk about the responsibilities and consequences that come from being sexually active. Pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and feelings about sex are important issues to be discussed. Talking to your children can help them make the decisions that are best for them without feeling pressured to do something before they are ready. Helping children understand that these are decisions that require maturity and responsibility will increase the chance that they make good choices.

Adolescents are able to talk about lovemaking and sex in terms of dating and relationships. They may need help dealing with the intensity of their own sexual feelings, confusion regarding their sexual identity, and sexual behaviour in a relationship. Concerns regarding masturbation, menstruation, contraception, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases are common. Some adolescents also struggle with conflicts around family, religious or cultural values. Open communication and accurate information from parents increases the chance that teens will postpone sex and will use appropriate methods of birth control once they begin.

-In talking with your child or adolescent, it is helpful to:
-Encourage your child to talk and ask questions.
-Maintain a calm and non-critical atmosphere for discussions.
-Use words that are understandable and comfortable.
-Try to determine your child's level of knowledge and understanding.
-Keep your sense of humour and don't be afraid to talk about your own discomfort.
-Relate sex to love, intimacy, caring, and respect for oneself and one's partner.
-Be open in sharing your values and concerns.
-Discuss the importance of responsibility for choices and decisions.
-Help your child to consider the pros and cons of choices.

By developing open, honest and ongoing communication about responsibility, sex, and choice, parents can help their youngsters learn about sex in a healthy and positive manner.


Useful websites regarding parenting

Parenting http://www.parenting.com
Parent Stages http://www.parentstages.com
Positive Parenting http://www.positiveparenting.com
Patent Talk http://www.parents-talk.com/
Practical Parent http://www.practicalparent.org.uk